Academia Relive Experiences
IRREVOCABLY, the social media has changed modern society in the way
people relate and understand themselves; businesses and the way people
work have also undergone remarkable transformation in the last 10 years
of this buzz.
As this transformation continues, investors of Facebook and Twitter are smiling to the bank, even as the former marks a decade of business operations.
After 10 years, Facebook, the stallion of the digital revolution, now boasts of 1.2 billion monthly users — and 757 million daily users as of December 2013. Founder, Mark Zuckerberg, had set up thefacebook.com on February 4, 2004. Not yet 30, the young man currently has an estimated net worth of $19 billion.
In the fourth quarter of its 2013 financial year, the social networking giant reported $523m and a 63 percent increase in revenue, a feat, which rode on the back of stronger mobile advertising sales. Facebook had no revenue from mobile advertising sales as at 2012.
Twitter has no grim results either: it has about 240 million users around the world, with fourth quarter revenue upping 40 percent. Having raked in $600 million in 2013, the company estimates that 2014 revenue will double to $1.2 billion. To bring this to fruition, Twitter plans to spend $390 million — one-third of its revenues — on capital projects, including data centres. As it looks to reaching “Facebook level ubiquity” in user growth, Twitter will also commit $600m in non-cash compensation for employees, meaning it will hire more engineers and sales agents.
Not Business As Usual
AS the social media keeps humanity engrossed, it also forces every ‘operation’ to remodel along the line of digitalization, even as stakeholders insist that the business landscape has passed through a decade of transformation.
Businesses in Nigeria are specifically keyed in to facebook and twitter accounts with the goal of driving traffic to their websites through these platforms. Mr. Toni Kan, a partner at Lagos-based Radi8, a PR firm, says every hit on a company’s website is as significant as a business deal sealed at the boardroom. “ As a company, the number of visitors to your website, Facebook or twitter accounts,” he says, “is directly or indirectly linked to your business fortunes. Don’t forget that virtual buying and selling online today has overtaken the physical market, where goods and cash are physically moved around in such a risky manner.”
Mazi Sam Ohuabunwa, a former chair of the Nigeria Economic Summit Group (NESG), who, at some point, presided over the affairs of Niemeth Pharmaceuticals, posits that the social media has introduced new parameters for measuring business growth. “Social Media has become a great opportunity to expand business network and to grow market reach in a most economical manner. It is a wonderful information sharing and marketing tool,” Mazi Ohuabunwa tweets.
Also corroborating this view from his Cape town base in South Africa, Mr. Azu Okparaugo, Chief Executive of Eagle Tourism, Cape Town, observes that Facebook and other social platforms like twitter have revolutionised the way business is done in the 21st century, creating a modern platform where businesses could connect with clients and constantly communicate with them.
“It affords businesses the opportunity to make their clients an important part of their decision making, as they (clients) constantly provide feedback and participate in business activities. It has helped businesses to take positive steps and shape products in line with clients’ demands,” says Okparaugo.
The New Media
No doubt, the world is in the midst of what is arguably the biggest process of change, especially for the media since invention of the printing press in Europe in the 15th century (it was several centuries earlier in China).
When the January 1966 coup took place in Lagos, Nigerians got the hint from newspapers, radio, or conversations in bars, where few ‘elites’ had read it in the newspapers or head it on the radio. Professional journalists filtered the information, which has remained the case until very recently.
Even with new means for delivering information — first TV, then the Internet, web videos, mobile phone applications and the iPad — media professionals have continued to be able to control what they put out. But, in the most recent times, this control for content is being challenged by ‘unprofessional’ jobs on blogs and other online platforms, with some of them having immediacy that is hard to compete with.
For instance, a technology blogger, Robert Scoble, claimed to have reported the 2009 Chinese earthquake to his Twitter followers three minutes before the US Geological Survey announced it. The Twitpic of Flight 1549 in the Hudson River hit online platforms, shortly after the crash in January 2009; just as there was a widely disseminated video of Neda, the Iranian student shot in the chest during the protests of Iran the same year.
At 5pm, Friday, November 22, 2010, Wikileaks released the largest classified Military leak in history. “The 391, 832 reports (the Iraq War Logs) document the war and occupation in Iraq, from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2009 (except for the month of May, 2004 and March 2009) as told by soldiers in the United States’ Army,” the ‘gossip’ website posted on its home page.
Wikileaks continued: “They detail the events as seen and heard by the US military troops on the ground in Iraq, which became the first real glimpse into the secret history of the war that the United States government was privy to. The reports detail 109,032 deaths in Iraq comprised of (sic) 66,081 civilians; 23,984 ‘enemy’ (those labeled as insurgents); 15, 196 ‘host nation’ (Iraqi government forces) and 3,771 ‘friendly’ (coalition) forces. The majority of the deaths (66,000, over 60 percent) of these are civilian deaths. That is 31 civilians dying every day during the six-year period. For comparison, the ‘Afghan War Diaries’, previously released by WikiLeaks, covering the same period, detail the deaths of some 20,000 people. Iraq, during the same period, was five times as lethal with equivalent population size.”
No thanks to this ‘leak’ by WikiLeaks, the airwaves were overtaken by criticism against the United States over what was seen as its callousness to the Arab world, even without any form of verification.
Perhaps, a good local example of how the social media is dominating the media space in such an ‘unprofessional’ manner is the oga-at-the-top syndrome, which went viral on the Internet after it was tweeted and shared across Facebook accounts by UNILAG students. The joke, which 24 hours later appeared as banners on T-shirts and became household slang in Lagos and in major cities of Nigeria, followed an ensuing drama from a Channels TV interview where a management staff of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) could not provide his organisations website and, instead, referred his TV hosts to the oga at the top. While the live programme was still on air, the video clip of that blunder was already making the rounds on YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and others.
These incidents depict the dramatic changes that have taken place in just one decade regarding the way people learn about what is happening.
Social media tools, especially Facebook, Twitter and Wordpress, present great opportunities for journalists and media organisation to connect with their audience, distribute content, find sources and understand their readers. Facebook groups have succeeded in connecting like-minded individuals and businesses in one platform to discuss interests or experiences, publicly or privately.
Internally, newsrooms now use Facebook groups offering for editorial teams or desks to share links, files, photos, and events around stories or topics. It could also be used to create group documents for collaborative working.
Other important tools offered by the Facebook account include Interest lists (similar to Twitter lists), Graph Search (relatively new and used to find photographs, captions, profile information and updates), Embedded posts and ‘Follow’ tools, among others.
New Way To Teaching, Learning
OF COURSE, the social media experience extends to the classroom, where the chalk and the blackboard are virtually giving way to the screen and the mouse. This development appears to be pushing a new wave of reforms in primary and secondary levels of education, where pupils now engage more in social media (including applications on smart phones) than on their textbooks. To leverage this, therefore, primary school teachers now encourage pupils to use social media in solving their take-home assignments.
Seen struggling with a computer after signing in to the Wikipedia website at a cybercafé in Ajao Estate, Isolo, Lagos, nine-year-old Miss Favour, a Primary 5 pupil, was asked why she had to visit the cybercafé that is populated by adults. “My teacher asked us to get a labeled diagram of the eye from the Internet; he said we must submit it tomorrow,” she answered. Further probe revealed that little Miss Favour paid as much as N300 for the voucher that authorised her to access the Internet at the cybercafé. According to her, the task of downloading a well-labeled diagram of the planet would be done the following week; meaning that the ‘minor’ would have to return there unassisted by his teacher.
The five-minute interaction with little Miss Favour actually led The Guardian to the teacher, who simply gave his name as Suleiman. According the male teacher, the essence is to expose the children to the social media and help them become competitive in a fast-changing world of technology.
But what is ideal would be for the primary school (name withheld) to provide a computer laboratory to take care of all the children’s Internet needs. The Guardian was told that the average child in the school pays N50, 000 per term.
When confronted with the risk to which the under-aged children are being exposed, just for the simple assignment of downloading a labeled diagram that should have been done at school or at home, the teacher said: “We will look into it sir.”
The pervading influence of the social media notwithstanding, children under the age of 12 are, in many climes, statutorily bared from having authorised access to the Internet, the reason for which Yahoo, Google and others block certain age limits from opening email accounts with them.
Even the West African Examinations Council (WAEC), which recently announced the introduction of 39 new subjects in its yearly tests for Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE), has alluded to “changing times” as part of the reason. And leading the first list in the electives category is ‘Computer Studies.’
WAEC’s Acting Head, Test Development Division, Mrs. Olayinka Ajibade, was quoted as saying that the fresh initiative was in line with the Nigerian Education Research and Development Council’s new Secondary School Curriculum. The NERDC has the responsibility of reviewing primary and secondary schools’ curricula.
Already, state governors are falling over themselves trying to make a mark in education reforms by encouraging Computer Studies.
Similarly, the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), which organises the University Matriculation Examinations (UME) and the UTME (for Polytechnics and colleges of education), is in the final lap of concluding arrangements for computerised exams in which the results are electronically delivered to the candidates on the spot. Registrations for exams conducted by WAEC, JAMB and National Examinations Commission (NECO) are already being done online, leaving no room for computer/social media illiteracy among Nigerian students.
This is where the age limit being enforced by the like of Yahoo and Google becomes controversial, especially as many children are now enrolled in secondary school at age 10 or 11, when they are also expected to have become social-media literate. This argument is strengthened by the fact that some of the entrance exams for secondary schools are registered online; although parents and teachers are expected to assist the children in the process.
The Anambra State Government, for instance, says it has donated 25, 000, computer, including laptops with complete accessories and software. Mr. Peter Obi-led state government complemented the materials with schoolbooks and syllabi. Government officials say the project gulped N2 billion. The story in Anambra State is almost replicated in some Southwest states of Lagos, Osun and Ondo states, among others.
Expectedly, things have also taken a dramatic turn for good at the tertiary level of education. Senior Lecturer at the University of Lagos, Dr Ismail Ibraheem, in an email exchange with The Guardian, says classroom relationships are changing, even as the pendulum of power swings from the almighty teacher (who wielded a lot of power) to the student who now has the ability to compete for that power, and even become more powerful.
“This assertion,” Dr Ibraheem says, “is based on the rising powers of students to rival their teachers in the access to sources of knowledge. The teachers no longer wield complete authority over the knowledge they pass across as such knowledge is now commonplace.”
According to the Don, who says he teaches courses in Mass Communication at the UNILAG, the near ubiquitous availability of online resources is rendering the curriculum that fails to take on board this development rather obsolete. “Social network platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Google, WikiLeaks, and Wikipedia are harbingers of transformational currents in learning,” he says.
He argues that these developments have engendered the movement away from the traditional classroom-based system of learning that emphasises the role of teachers to that of the mutual, simultaneous and dual roles of both teachers and students.
“A New York Times article from 2008 even suggested that a future Nobel Prize winner might not be an oncology researcher at a distinguished university but a blogging community where multiple authors, some with no official form of expertise, actually discover a cure for a form of cancer through their collaborative process of combining, probing, and developing insights online together,” remarks Ibraheem.
He believes that a hybrid form of teaching that combines normal classroom teaching by the teacher with the transformative experience of the new media, such as Facebook is capable of enhancing learning experience and outcomes for both teachers and students. “This underlies the pivotal role of technology in driving changes in pedagogy and learning experience. It is even more relevant in a clime such as Nigeria where lecturers’ and students’ learning experience are often confronted by a seemingly insurmountable hill of lack of up-to-date…learning resources.”
In the same vein, Dr Ifeoma Theresa Amobi, an expert in new media technologies and online journalism educator, who also teaches at UNILAG, says since the majority of Nigerian students are mostly found on social media, it is important to prepare them for a fast-changing industry, by using the social media as a pedagogical tool.
In an email exchange with The Guardian, the widely travelled don says that today’s generation of students, often referred to as “digital natives” or “millenials” are very much at home with social media.
“ In course of my interactions with them, I find them animated each time I use social media as platform for pedagogy. I, therefore, integrate social media into teaching all my courses in many ways:
I maintain a Wordpress Blog where I post all my course outlines. This blog is linked to all other social media platforms including Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Tumblr, and YouTube, such that any message published on it is automatically posted to the others,” Amobi explains.
The Mass Communication teacher further says that “students offering all my courses are expected to download the relevant course outline through any of these social media platforms at the beginning of each semester. They are also expected to access their assignments through the same platforms''
Source Guardian News Website
IRREVOCABLY, the social media has changed modern society in the way
people relate and understand themselves; businesses and the way people
work have also undergone remarkable transformation in the last 10 years
of this buzz.
As this transformation continues, investors of Facebook and Twitter are smiling to the bank, even as the former marks a decade of business operations.
After 10 years, Facebook, the stallion of the digital revolution, now boasts of 1.2 billion monthly users — and 757 million daily users as of December 2013. Founder, Mark Zuckerberg, had set up thefacebook.com on February 4, 2004. Not yet 30, the young man currently has an estimated net worth of $19 billion.
In the fourth quarter of its 2013 financial year, the social networking giant reported $523m and a 63 percent increase in revenue, a feat, which rode on the back of stronger mobile advertising sales. Facebook had no revenue from mobile advertising sales as at 2012.
Twitter has no grim results either: it has about 240 million users around the world, with fourth quarter revenue upping 40 percent. Having raked in $600 million in 2013, the company estimates that 2014 revenue will double to $1.2 billion. To bring this to fruition, Twitter plans to spend $390 million — one-third of its revenues — on capital projects, including data centres. As it looks to reaching “Facebook level ubiquity” in user growth, Twitter will also commit $600m in non-cash compensation for employees, meaning it will hire more engineers and sales agents.
Not Business As Usual
AS the social media keeps humanity engrossed, it also forces every ‘operation’ to remodel along the line of digitalization, even as stakeholders insist that the business landscape has passed through a decade of transformation.
Businesses in Nigeria are specifically keyed in to facebook and twitter accounts with the goal of driving traffic to their websites through these platforms. Mr. Toni Kan, a partner at Lagos-based Radi8, a PR firm, says every hit on a company’s website is as significant as a business deal sealed at the boardroom. “ As a company, the number of visitors to your website, Facebook or twitter accounts,” he says, “is directly or indirectly linked to your business fortunes. Don’t forget that virtual buying and selling online today has overtaken the physical market, where goods and cash are physically moved around in such a risky manner.”
Mazi Sam Ohuabunwa, a former chair of the Nigeria Economic Summit Group (NESG), who, at some point, presided over the affairs of Niemeth Pharmaceuticals, posits that the social media has introduced new parameters for measuring business growth. “Social Media has become a great opportunity to expand business network and to grow market reach in a most economical manner. It is a wonderful information sharing and marketing tool,” Mazi Ohuabunwa tweets.
Also corroborating this view from his Cape town base in South Africa, Mr. Azu Okparaugo, Chief Executive of Eagle Tourism, Cape Town, observes that Facebook and other social platforms like twitter have revolutionised the way business is done in the 21st century, creating a modern platform where businesses could connect with clients and constantly communicate with them.
“It affords businesses the opportunity to make their clients an important part of their decision making, as they (clients) constantly provide feedback and participate in business activities. It has helped businesses to take positive steps and shape products in line with clients’ demands,” says Okparaugo.
The New Media
No doubt, the world is in the midst of what is arguably the biggest process of change, especially for the media since invention of the printing press in Europe in the 15th century (it was several centuries earlier in China).
When the January 1966 coup took place in Lagos, Nigerians got the hint from newspapers, radio, or conversations in bars, where few ‘elites’ had read it in the newspapers or head it on the radio. Professional journalists filtered the information, which has remained the case until very recently.
Even with new means for delivering information — first TV, then the Internet, web videos, mobile phone applications and the iPad — media professionals have continued to be able to control what they put out. But, in the most recent times, this control for content is being challenged by ‘unprofessional’ jobs on blogs and other online platforms, with some of them having immediacy that is hard to compete with.
For instance, a technology blogger, Robert Scoble, claimed to have reported the 2009 Chinese earthquake to his Twitter followers three minutes before the US Geological Survey announced it. The Twitpic of Flight 1549 in the Hudson River hit online platforms, shortly after the crash in January 2009; just as there was a widely disseminated video of Neda, the Iranian student shot in the chest during the protests of Iran the same year.
At 5pm, Friday, November 22, 2010, Wikileaks released the largest classified Military leak in history. “The 391, 832 reports (the Iraq War Logs) document the war and occupation in Iraq, from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2009 (except for the month of May, 2004 and March 2009) as told by soldiers in the United States’ Army,” the ‘gossip’ website posted on its home page.
Wikileaks continued: “They detail the events as seen and heard by the US military troops on the ground in Iraq, which became the first real glimpse into the secret history of the war that the United States government was privy to. The reports detail 109,032 deaths in Iraq comprised of (sic) 66,081 civilians; 23,984 ‘enemy’ (those labeled as insurgents); 15, 196 ‘host nation’ (Iraqi government forces) and 3,771 ‘friendly’ (coalition) forces. The majority of the deaths (66,000, over 60 percent) of these are civilian deaths. That is 31 civilians dying every day during the six-year period. For comparison, the ‘Afghan War Diaries’, previously released by WikiLeaks, covering the same period, detail the deaths of some 20,000 people. Iraq, during the same period, was five times as lethal with equivalent population size.”
No thanks to this ‘leak’ by WikiLeaks, the airwaves were overtaken by criticism against the United States over what was seen as its callousness to the Arab world, even without any form of verification.
Perhaps, a good local example of how the social media is dominating the media space in such an ‘unprofessional’ manner is the oga-at-the-top syndrome, which went viral on the Internet after it was tweeted and shared across Facebook accounts by UNILAG students. The joke, which 24 hours later appeared as banners on T-shirts and became household slang in Lagos and in major cities of Nigeria, followed an ensuing drama from a Channels TV interview where a management staff of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) could not provide his organisations website and, instead, referred his TV hosts to the oga at the top. While the live programme was still on air, the video clip of that blunder was already making the rounds on YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and others.
These incidents depict the dramatic changes that have taken place in just one decade regarding the way people learn about what is happening.
Social media tools, especially Facebook, Twitter and Wordpress, present great opportunities for journalists and media organisation to connect with their audience, distribute content, find sources and understand their readers. Facebook groups have succeeded in connecting like-minded individuals and businesses in one platform to discuss interests or experiences, publicly or privately.
Internally, newsrooms now use Facebook groups offering for editorial teams or desks to share links, files, photos, and events around stories or topics. It could also be used to create group documents for collaborative working.
Other important tools offered by the Facebook account include Interest lists (similar to Twitter lists), Graph Search (relatively new and used to find photographs, captions, profile information and updates), Embedded posts and ‘Follow’ tools, among others.
New Way To Teaching, Learning
OF COURSE, the social media experience extends to the classroom, where the chalk and the blackboard are virtually giving way to the screen and the mouse. This development appears to be pushing a new wave of reforms in primary and secondary levels of education, where pupils now engage more in social media (including applications on smart phones) than on their textbooks. To leverage this, therefore, primary school teachers now encourage pupils to use social media in solving their take-home assignments.
Seen struggling with a computer after signing in to the Wikipedia website at a cybercafé in Ajao Estate, Isolo, Lagos, nine-year-old Miss Favour, a Primary 5 pupil, was asked why she had to visit the cybercafé that is populated by adults. “My teacher asked us to get a labeled diagram of the eye from the Internet; he said we must submit it tomorrow,” she answered. Further probe revealed that little Miss Favour paid as much as N300 for the voucher that authorised her to access the Internet at the cybercafé. According to her, the task of downloading a well-labeled diagram of the planet would be done the following week; meaning that the ‘minor’ would have to return there unassisted by his teacher.
The five-minute interaction with little Miss Favour actually led The Guardian to the teacher, who simply gave his name as Suleiman. According the male teacher, the essence is to expose the children to the social media and help them become competitive in a fast-changing world of technology.
But what is ideal would be for the primary school (name withheld) to provide a computer laboratory to take care of all the children’s Internet needs. The Guardian was told that the average child in the school pays N50, 000 per term.
When confronted with the risk to which the under-aged children are being exposed, just for the simple assignment of downloading a labeled diagram that should have been done at school or at home, the teacher said: “We will look into it sir.”
The pervading influence of the social media notwithstanding, children under the age of 12 are, in many climes, statutorily bared from having authorised access to the Internet, the reason for which Yahoo, Google and others block certain age limits from opening email accounts with them.
Even the West African Examinations Council (WAEC), which recently announced the introduction of 39 new subjects in its yearly tests for Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (SSCE), has alluded to “changing times” as part of the reason. And leading the first list in the electives category is ‘Computer Studies.’
WAEC’s Acting Head, Test Development Division, Mrs. Olayinka Ajibade, was quoted as saying that the fresh initiative was in line with the Nigerian Education Research and Development Council’s new Secondary School Curriculum. The NERDC has the responsibility of reviewing primary and secondary schools’ curricula.
Already, state governors are falling over themselves trying to make a mark in education reforms by encouraging Computer Studies.
Similarly, the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB), which organises the University Matriculation Examinations (UME) and the UTME (for Polytechnics and colleges of education), is in the final lap of concluding arrangements for computerised exams in which the results are electronically delivered to the candidates on the spot. Registrations for exams conducted by WAEC, JAMB and National Examinations Commission (NECO) are already being done online, leaving no room for computer/social media illiteracy among Nigerian students.
This is where the age limit being enforced by the like of Yahoo and Google becomes controversial, especially as many children are now enrolled in secondary school at age 10 or 11, when they are also expected to have become social-media literate. This argument is strengthened by the fact that some of the entrance exams for secondary schools are registered online; although parents and teachers are expected to assist the children in the process.
The Anambra State Government, for instance, says it has donated 25, 000, computer, including laptops with complete accessories and software. Mr. Peter Obi-led state government complemented the materials with schoolbooks and syllabi. Government officials say the project gulped N2 billion. The story in Anambra State is almost replicated in some Southwest states of Lagos, Osun and Ondo states, among others.
Expectedly, things have also taken a dramatic turn for good at the tertiary level of education. Senior Lecturer at the University of Lagos, Dr Ismail Ibraheem, in an email exchange with The Guardian, says classroom relationships are changing, even as the pendulum of power swings from the almighty teacher (who wielded a lot of power) to the student who now has the ability to compete for that power, and even become more powerful.
“This assertion,” Dr Ibraheem says, “is based on the rising powers of students to rival their teachers in the access to sources of knowledge. The teachers no longer wield complete authority over the knowledge they pass across as such knowledge is now commonplace.”
According to the Don, who says he teaches courses in Mass Communication at the UNILAG, the near ubiquitous availability of online resources is rendering the curriculum that fails to take on board this development rather obsolete. “Social network platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Google, WikiLeaks, and Wikipedia are harbingers of transformational currents in learning,” he says.
He argues that these developments have engendered the movement away from the traditional classroom-based system of learning that emphasises the role of teachers to that of the mutual, simultaneous and dual roles of both teachers and students.
“A New York Times article from 2008 even suggested that a future Nobel Prize winner might not be an oncology researcher at a distinguished university but a blogging community where multiple authors, some with no official form of expertise, actually discover a cure for a form of cancer through their collaborative process of combining, probing, and developing insights online together,” remarks Ibraheem.
He believes that a hybrid form of teaching that combines normal classroom teaching by the teacher with the transformative experience of the new media, such as Facebook is capable of enhancing learning experience and outcomes for both teachers and students. “This underlies the pivotal role of technology in driving changes in pedagogy and learning experience. It is even more relevant in a clime such as Nigeria where lecturers’ and students’ learning experience are often confronted by a seemingly insurmountable hill of lack of up-to-date…learning resources.”
In the same vein, Dr Ifeoma Theresa Amobi, an expert in new media technologies and online journalism educator, who also teaches at UNILAG, says since the majority of Nigerian students are mostly found on social media, it is important to prepare them for a fast-changing industry, by using the social media as a pedagogical tool.
In an email exchange with The Guardian, the widely travelled don says that today’s generation of students, often referred to as “digital natives” or “millenials” are very much at home with social media.
“ In course of my interactions with them, I find them animated each time I use social media as platform for pedagogy. I, therefore, integrate social media into teaching all my courses in many ways:
I maintain a Wordpress Blog where I post all my course outlines. This blog is linked to all other social media platforms including Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Tumblr, and YouTube, such that any message published on it is automatically posted to the others,” Amobi explains.
The Mass Communication teacher further says that “students offering all my courses are expected to download the relevant course outline through any of these social media platforms at the beginning of each semester. They are also expected to access their assignments through the same platforms''
Source Guardian News Website